University of the Free State (UFS) study: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in sanitary pads and pantyliners.

Researchers: Janine Blignaut (PhD candidate), Dr Gabre Kemp from the Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Prof Elizabeth Erasmus, Prof Deon Visser, and Prof Marietjie Schutte-Smith from the Department of Chemistry.

Synopsis…

A recent study by the University of the Free State tested popular menstrual products sold in South Africa, and found hormone-disrupting chemicals in every product tested, even those marketed as “free from harmful chemicals.” This study shows why transparency, clear labelling, and safety in menstrual care are non-negotiable and should never be a mystery.

What the Study Found…

The UFS research team analysed 16 brands of sanitary pads and eight types of pantyliners popular in South African retail stores. The study focused on three groups of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs):

·         Phthalates

·         Bisphenols (including BPA)

·         Parabens

The findings showed widespread contamination across all products tested. Every single pad and liner contained at least two of the target chemicals.

Bisphenols were detected in 100% of sanitary pads and 75% of pantyliners, while parabens were found in more than 81% of pads and 75% of liners. Phthalates were present in all pantyliners tested and in 50% of sanitary pads.

Why Does This Matter?

Although the levels detected in a single product may appear small, the researchers emphasise that the concern lies in repeated exposure over time.

Menstrual products come into contact with mucosal tissue, which absorbs chemicals more quickly and directly than normal skin. Most individuals use these products for several days each month over several decades.

Potential Health Implications…

This repeated contact may contribute to cumulative exposure, which has been linked to hormonal imbalances, fertility problems, endometriosis, and even certain types of cancer.

Limited Regulation and Lack of Disclosure…

The study also highlights gaps in chemical regulation in South Africa. Manufacturers are also generally not required to disclose the full chemical composition of menstrual products. The key is to find brands that offer non-toxic products with reduced exposure to chemicals (supportive to hormonal health and less skin irritation), ingredient transparency and reduced environmental impact.

Practical Steps and Future Solutions…

Look out for products certified under the OEKO-TEX Standard 100, organic cotton certifications, or consider reusable alternatives. No chlorine bleaching or fragrances.

A Call For Transparency…

The researchers say the findings underscore the need for clearer labelling, stronger chemical standards, and continued monitoring of everyday menstrual products. The study also raises concerns about cumulative exposure over time, particularly considering the prolonged and repeated use of menstrual products.

However, the university said it did not claim that short-term use of menstrual products caused specific health conditions, nor was it designed to establish a direct causal relationship between detected chemicals and disease outcomes in women. 

The research findings were intended to identify areas for further investigation. 

South Africa does not set specific legal concentration limits for parabens, phthalates or bisphenols in sanitary pads, though biological and microbiological testing is required under SANS standards.

What The Legal Bodies Say…

The South African Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, the South African Society of Reproductive Medicine and Gynaecological Endoscopy and the College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists said the finding requires context, perspective and correct interpretation of the data, with clear messaging on the broader implications for the public and for the country.

EDCs were products that had the potential to interfere with the action of hormones, especially reproductive and thyroid hormones, when the quantities exceeded permissible concentration levels.

Permissible levels were determined by expert panels such as the Cosmetic Ingredients Expert Panel, whose recommendations were implemented by regulatory bodies, among them the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These endocrine disruptors are very common and are present in low concentrations in various foodstuffs, household products, personal care and beauty products such as toothpaste, shampoo and conditioners, body lotions, lipsticks, clothing and electronics. 

Importantly, the UFS study did not establish causation between the presence of endocrine disruptors in menstrual products and infertility, hormone dysfunction or cancer. 

The recommendation is that regulatory authorities conduct further testing and studies to determine the safety of these products, as the study did not recommend that any products be withdrawn from the market.